Dick and Carey Instructional Design Model

 

 

 

The Dick and Carey Instructional Design Model is a model that describes and identifies instructional goals. It breaks down components of instruction into smaller pieces, which allows the goal of instruction to be met as an end result.

In the Dick and Carey Instructional Model it is essential for the model to first begin with the instructional design goal.

 

 

 

Explanation of the Flowchart

There are 9 stages to the Dick and Carey Instructional Design Model as shown in the flowchart above. They are (as found on http://www.umich.edu/~ed626/Dick_Carey/dc.html)

Stage 1. Instructional Goals

• Instructional Goal: Desirable state of affairs by instruction

* Needs Analysis : Analysis of a discrepancy between an instructional goal and the present state of affairs or a personal perception of needs.

Stage 2. Instructional Analysis

• Purpose : To determine the skills involved in reaching a goal

* Task Analysis (procedural analysis) : about the product of which would be a list of steps and the skills used at each step in the procedure

* Information-Processing Analysis : about the mental operations used by a person who has learned a complex skills

* Learning-Task Analysis : about the objectives of instruction that involve intellectual skills

Stage 3. Entry Behaviors and Learner Characteristics

• Purpose : To determine which of the required enabling skills the learners bring to the learning task

* Intellectual skills

* Abilities such as verbal comprehension and spatial orientation

* Traits of personality

Stage 4. Performance Objectives

• Purpose : To translate the needs and goals into specific and detailed objectives

* Functions : Determining whether the instruction related to its goals.

Focusing the lesson planning upon appropriate conditions of learning

Guiding the development of measures of learner performance

Assisting learners in their study efforts.

Stage 5. Criterion-Referenced Test Items *To diagnose an individual possessions of the necessary prerequisites for learning new skills

*To check the results of student learning during the process of a lesson

*To provide document of students progress for parents or administrators

*Useful in evaluating the instructional system itself (Formative/ Summative evaluation)

*Early determination of performance measures before development of lesson plan and instructional materials

Stage 6. Instructional Strategy

• Purpose : To outline how instructional activities will relate to the accomplishment of the objectives

*The best lesson design : Demonstrating knowledge about the learners, tasks reflected in the objectives, and effectiveness of teaching strategies

e.g. Choice of delivering system.

Teacher-led, Group-paced vs. Learner-centered, Learner-paced

Stage 7. Instructional Materials

• Purpose : To select printed or other media intended to convey events of instruction.

* Use of existing materials when it is possible

* Need for development of new materials, otherwise

* Role of teacher : It depends on the choice of delivery system

Stage 8. Formative Evaluation

• Purpose : To provide data for revising and improving instructional materials

* To revise the instruction so as to make it as effective as possible for larger number of students

* One on One : One evaluator sitting with one learner to interview

* Small Group

* Field Trial

Stage 9. Summative Evaluation

• Purpose : To study the effectiveness of system as a whole

* Conducted after the system has passed through its formative stage

* Small scale/ Large Scale

* Short period/ Long period

 

Instructional Design

Instructional Design can be defined in many terms. But in the simplest form that would best relate to the Dick and Carey model, it would best be described as a systematic process for planning and producing effective materials for instruction. The Dick and Carey Model is often referred to in an e-learning or technology-based learning environment. So, the goal of instructional design for the Dick and Carey Model would be to not only stay afloat with technology and institutional goals, but also to create a model that ensures the students are having their learning needs met.

In the Dick and Carey book, The Systematic Design of Instruction, it goes into full detail of the fundamentals of instructional, (from their point of view), that further supports their design model. They explain the effectiveness of instructional design and web-based learning with the concept of emphasizing the importance of analyzing instructional components and integrating the evaluated instruction.

The emphasis of Dick and Carey’s approach to instructional design is to find a delivery method of instruction that meets the overall goal of students learning needs. The Dick and Carey method of instruction will alter the approach of instruction if that means the goal of learning has been met, even if that means having a traditional class of instruction or integrating technology into the classroom. This kind of approach is referred to as The Systems Approach. 

 

 

The Systems Approach

In order for the instruction to be a success, it must be analyzed and evaluated. The Systems Approach analyzes and evaluates every aspect of the classroom and by doing so, recognizes what is necessary for successful learning to take place. In Shujen L. Chang’s book review of The Systematic Design of Instruction, it is stated that components such as, the, “…instructor, learners, materials, instructional activities, delivery systems, and learning performance environments are analyzed and designed to work together toward supporting student learning,” and that the “…Dick and Carey model is appropriate for a variety of instructional delivery systems, ranging from print instruction to complex digital multimedia for distance delivery over the Web.” Taking the Systems Approach allows not only students to use the model, but instructors and instructional designers as well.

 

 

 

Multiple Theories

The Dick and Carey model takes all three theories of learning into account in their model. Behaviorism, being the most prominent, is being used in the approach of instruction. The Cognitive theory is used for the cognitive processing in the student and the Constructivist theory is being used in the analysis portion of instruction.

 

 

Cognitivism in Dick and Carey

 

The Cognitivist theory is used in Dick and Carey by formulating the direction of how the instruction is going to be presented. Cognitivism is defined as focusing on the mental processes of the mind. It considers the minds thought process, the memory, how one problem-solves and what knowledge a person has. The Dick and Carey model takes an analytical approach with cognitivism. This model would analyze how the mind works and how the instruction would allow the thought processes to be provoked.

 

 

Constructivism in Dick and Carey

 

Constructivism is the link between the cognitive and behaviors. It uses the approach of making connections between the thought processes and behavior and then tries to construct a link so that the thought processes can be changed to alter the behavior. Although the Dick and Carey model is a structured model in which it is repetitive in instruction so that the student can strengthen their knowledge, taking the constructivist view would be beneficial and necessary. The Dick and Carey model would take the Cognitive approach by analyzing how the students thought processes ideally work and would take the Behaviorist approach by altering the students’ behavior. But without Constructivism, there would be no link between the two. The Dick and Carey model would need to analyze what would link the thought process together with the behavior in order to present their instruction successfully. That is why Dick and Carey is a successful model for distance or online learning. It is because online courses would be able to provide the link between how the students think and how learning independently would allow the students to change their behavior at their own pace and in their own learning style.

 

 

 

 

Behaviorism in Dick and Carey

The Dick and Carey model takes a Behaviorism approach with the instructional design model. Behaviorism is the approach through observation. For example, a student is able to observe behaviors, learn how those behaviors result in something better and emulate that behavior. According to Patricia Deubel, in her article, "An Investigation of Behaviorist and Cognitive Approaches to Instructional Multimedia Design", behaviorist approaches allow learners to, "...learn by doing, experiencing, and engaging in trial and error. What has been learned, under what conditions, and the consequences that support or maintain the learned behavior all work together, and must be observable and measurable." Taking the behaviorist approach is predictable in that it produces a stimuli for the student to be engaged by and repeats that engagement, therefore, strengthening the students ability to learn. Although the Behaviorist approach is dated by some, it is ideal for models such as "Dick and Carey" because it allows the student to be engaged in their learning. And because the "Dick and Carey" model is often referred to for online or non-traditional courses, behaviorism is ideal for its reinforcing structure. All instruction for online or non-traditional classrooms need structure and need to be categorized logically so that the student can successfully understand the material being presented. In conclusion, the Behaviorist approach is an ideal theory to follow in the "Dick and Carey model".

 

 

 

 

 

Reductionist Approach

Without Instructional Design, there can be no design model. The Dick and Carey Model takes a reductionist approach to learning. By reducing the goal of instruction to just whatever skills are needed for the student, this model allows the perfect learning condition. The reductionist approach allows the students to learn what is necessary without having to go through the motions of learning information that is impertinent to the end goals of the class.

 

 

 

Success of Dick and Carey in e-learning

The e-learning or distance learning environment would highly benefit from the Dick and Carey Model because of its instructional view. It reduces the amount of “fluff” or unnecessary conversation in the classroom by having a ‘getting straight to the point’ approach. This is ideal for an e-learning or distance learning class because it is non-traditional. E-learning and distance learning classes benefit from this approach by being organized in the instruction and adapting the instruction to a non-traditional environment, making it suitable for the student.

 

 

Dick and Carey External resources:

Systematic Design of Instruction_Book Review.pdf

Challenges for design of computer-based learning environments.html

Current status of ID theories.html

An Investigation of Behaviorist and Cognitive Approaches to Instructional Multimedia Design.html

 

 

Dick and Carey website references:

 

Dick and Carey flow chart

 

Cal Poly Pomona Library

 

IMPLICATIONS OF TWO WELL-KNOWN MODELS FOR INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGNERS IN DISTANCE EDUCATION: DICK-CAREY VERSUS MORRISON-ROSS-KEMP

 

 

 

Dick and Carey Works Cited: 

 

(2002).An Investigation of Behaviorist and Cognitive Approaches to Instructional Multimedia Design. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia. 12 no1, 63-90.

 

Retrieved May 15, 2008, from Cal Poly Pomona Library Web site: http://www.csupomona.edu/library

 

H kkinen, Pivi (2002).Challenges for design of computer-based learning environments. British Journal of Educational Technology. 33, 461-9 .

 

AKBULUT, Yavuz (2007).IMPLICATIONS OF TWO WELL-KNOWN MODELS FOR INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGNERS IN DISTANCE EDUCATION:DICK-CAREY VERSUS MORRISON-ROSS-KEMP. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education. 8 no2, 1302–6488.

 

O'Neil, A. Frank (2008).The current status of instructional design theories in relation to today's authoring systems(. British Journal of Educational Technology. 39 no2, 251-67 .

 

Lohr, Linda. (Ed.). (2004). Book Review . In The Systematic Design of Instruction (6th Edition). Allyn & Bacon.

 

Lee, Hee-Sun Retrieved May 14, 2008, from Dick and Carey Model Web site: http://www.umich.edu/~ed626/Dick_Carey/dc.html