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Cognitivism
The cognitivist paradigm essentially argues that the “black box” of the mind should be opened and understood. The learner is viewed as an information processor (like a computer).
Originators and important contributors: Merrill -Component Display Theory (CDT), Reigeluth (Elaboration Theory), Gagne, Briggs, Wager, Bruner (moving toward cognitive constructivism), Schank (scripts), Scandura (structural learning)
Keywords: Schema, schemata, information processing, symbol manipulation, information mapping, mental models
Cognitivism
The cognitivist revolution behaviorism in 1960s as the dominant paradigm. Cognitivism focuses on the inner mental activities – opening the “black box” of the human mind is valuable and necessary for understanding how people learn. Mental processes such as thinking, memory, knowing, and problem-solving need to be explored. Knowledge can be seen as schema or symbolic mental constructions. Learning is defined as change in a learner’s schemata.
A response to behaviorism, people are not “programmed animals” that merely respond to environmental stimuli; people are rational beings that require active participation in order to learn, and whose actions are a consequence of thinking. Changes in behavior are observed, but only as an indication of what is occurring in the learner’s head. Cognitivism uses the metaphor of the mind as computer: information comes in, is being processed, and leads to certain outcomes. ( Learning-theory.com)
>Cognitivism, also called the Theory of Cognitive Development, it was developed by a Swiss Philosopher Jean Piaget(1896-1980). This learning theory explains, by reflecting on our experiences, we construct our own understanding of the world we live in. Each of us makes sense of the world based on our personal experiences. Learning is a process of modifying our mental models to accommodate new experiences. In other words, new information is assimilated to prior conceptions and new understandings are created (Slough, Aoki & Hoge). Piaget's research focused on individual child’s learning experience and problem solving skills, he divided children’s learning schemes to four main periods which are
Sensorimotor period (years 0–2)
Preoperational period (years 2–7)
Concrete operational period (years 7–11)
Formal operational period (years 11 and up)
(Atherton 2005)
Piaget's Four Stages of Cognitive Development
Stage
Characterised by
Sensori-motor
(Birth-2 yrs)
Differentiates self from objects
Recognises self as agent of action and begins to act intentionally: e.g. pulls a string to set mobile in motion or shakes a rattle to make a noise
Achieves object permanence: realises that things continue to exist even when no longer present to the sense (pace Bishop Berkeley)
Pre-operational
(2-7 years)
Learns to use language and to represent objects by images and words
Thinking is still egocentric: has difficulty taking the viewpoint of others
Classifies objects by a single feature: e.g. groups together all the red blocks regardless of shape or all the square blocks regardless of colour
Concrete operational
(7-11 years)
Can think logically about objects and events
Achieves conservation of number (age 6), mass (age 7), and weight (age 9)
Classifies objects according to several features and can order them in series along a single dimension such as size.
Formal operational
(11 years and up)
Can think logically about abstract propositions and test hypotheses systemtically
Becomes concerned with the hypothetical, the future, and ideological problems
ATHERTON J S (2005)
What is Learning?
What is the Learning Process?
What is the role of the teacher?
Learning is defined as a change in the knowledge
that is stored in our memory.
Learning takes place when information is received
into the mind and then processed to make sense of it. Learning new
information is made possible by connecting it to existing information
and then storing it so it can be retrieved later.
The role of the teacher is to present new information
in a way that helps the learner attend to, encode and retrieve information.
The teacher should organize information and help students link it
to existing information.
( Bayer 2001)
Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
Definitions
In reference to the learning theories, models, perspectives listed in this website, here are some basic definitions that may be helpful to you:
What is a theory?
A general principle that explains or predicts facts, observations or events.
A theory is generally accepted as valid having survived repeated testing.
Note: A theory can never be established beyond all doubt.
What is a model?
A model is a theoretical construct or mental picture that helps one understand something that cannot easily be observed or experienced directly.
What is epistemology?
Epistemology is the study that explores the nature of knowledge (from the Greek word episteme, i.e. that which we know). It answers the questions: how can we come to know things and be certain of what we know?
What is ontology?
Ontology is the study that describes the nature of the world and reality (from the Greek word ontos, i.e. that which exists). Day-to-day science is concerned with ontos. It considers the questions: what is fundamental? What is real, and what is not?
What is axiology?
Axiology is the study of values. What is considered important, and what values do an individual or group hold and why?
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